CONTENTS:
LEAD STORY: Conserving Forests: A Key Sustainable Strategy to Halt Desertification in Northeastern India
ToT Programme on Scope of Convergence of Schemes with Watershed Activities for Maximizing Investment under WDC-PMKSY 2.0
5-day ToT Programme on Promoting Agri-Start-Up & Agri-Entrepreneurship
NIRDPR Officials Attend Hindi Diwas Celebration and Fourth All India Official Language Conference
NIRDPR Celebrates Hindi Pakhwada
NRLM CASE STUDY SERIES: Empowering Change: Impact of NRLM Support on Suguna’s Napkin Unit
Two-day Workshop on Social Determinants of Rural Health
GENDER KALEIDOSCOPE: SDG 5 in Focus: How India is Paving the Way for Gender Equality
Towards Formalising and Scaling Up Rice-Based Products: A Case of PMFME-ODOP in Sasaram, Bihar
Plantation Activity in NIRDPR under the Plant4 Mother (एक पेड़ माँ के नाम) Campaign
ToT Programme on Strategy for Area-based Treatment of the Springshed at Micro level under WDC-PMKSY 2.0
Training Programme on Promotion of NRM Works through Convergence under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS for Sustainable Livelihoods
LEAD STORY:
Conserving Forests: A Key Sustainable Strategy to Halt Desertification in Northeastern India
Dr Bidyut Sarania
Junior Environment Specialist, EAP, PWRD, Govt. of Assam
and
Dr V. Suresh Babu
Associate Professor, NIRDPR – NERC, Guwahati
vsureshbabu.nird@gov.in
Desertification: An Overview of India Perspective
Desertification is becoming one of the most urgent issues facing humanity. The need for global concern regarding desertification has been highlighted by this year’s World Environment Day theme (5th June 2024), which focuses on restoring damaged environments through sustainable approaches. This initiative aims to ensure food and water security for future generations and the overall health of ecosystems. Desertification involves the expansion of deserts and the process of fertile land turning into desert-like conditions, often due to factors such as soil degradation, deforestation, unsustainable agriculture practices, and droughts influenced by climate change (UNCCD, 1994). With the world’s growing population and demand for food and water, extensive agriculture and overgrazing have led to a significant decrease in natural forest cover, resulting in increased soil erosion and reduced soil water retention capacity.
Furthermore, rising temperatures have aggravated drought conditions, making land more vulnerable to desertification. Cherlet et al. (2018) reported in the World Atlas of Desertification that more than 75 per cent of Earth’s land is already degraded, with at least 100 million hectares of productive land being degraded annually. Subsequently, their assessment predicted that over 90 per cent of Earth’s land could become degraded by 2050. The most significant impact of desertification and land degradation is expected in India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa, where land degradation could halt crop production (Cherlet et al., 2018).
The Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (2018-2019) found that 97.85 million hectares of India’s land, accounting for 29.77 per cent of the country’s total geographic area, are undergoing land degradation (SAC, 2021). The recent assessment of climate change over the Indian region shows that the average temperature of the country has risen by 0.7°C (during 1901–2018) due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and changes in land use and land cover (LULC) (Krishnan et al., 2020). Many studies indicate that India is highly susceptible to drought, with approximately two-thirds of its land area prone to drought (Mishra et al., 2020; Chuphal et al., 2020). Despite that, India presently lacks a specific policy or legislative framework to address desertification and land degradation. However, India does have various national policies and regulations relevant to land degradation and soil conservation. Subsequently, the Sustainable Land and Ecosystem Management (SLEM) Programme was launched in a collaborative initiative between the Government of India, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (Desertification Cell), and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), with the primary objective to prevent or control land degradation.
Desertification in the Northeastern India Landscape: An Overview
Northeastern India (NE) comprises eight states – Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. The region is home to over 200 distinct tribes, each with its unique cultural identity, making it one of the most culturally diverse regions in the world. Additionally, the region is geographically unique as it is situated at the confluence of the eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, giving it a unique topography and rich biodiversity. According to the Forest Survey of India (ISFR, 2021) report, approximately 64.66 per cent of the region’s total landmass is covered by forest. The NE region receives the highest rainfall during the southwest monsoon season in the Indian subcontinent. However, there has been evidence of decreasing rainfall and rising temperatures in recent years, leading to reports of unusual drought conditions in many parts of the NE region (Preethi et al., 2017; Parida et al., 2015). The area deals with significant environmental problems caused by deforestation, unsustainable farming methods such as intensive monoculture and short cycle shifting cultivation, as well as land earth cutting for infrastructure development and river dam projects (Maithani, 2023). These issues result in soil erosion, land degradation, water shortages, and biodiversity loss, making the region susceptible to desertification and drought.
SAC (2021) indicated that the NE region has a higher and more intense desertification rate, with six states ranking among the top 10 places in the country for desertification. Among these states, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh are undergoing the most rapid degradation. Mizoram has the fastest rate of desertification and land degradation in the country, and Arunachal Pradesh is in third place. Moreover, half of Nagaland’s landmass is impacted by land degradation. The SAC report from 2021 highlights the primary cause of rapid degradation as the significant loss of vegetation cover. Additionally, during 2001-2003, the five states in India’s Northeastern region contributed 60 per cent of the country’s tree cover loss, according to Global Forest Watch (GFW, 2024). Given this concerning trend, the protection of forests in this region should be a main priority in our efforts to combat desertification and land degradation.
Halting Desertification: A Collaborative Path Forward
Desertification and land degradation are significant environmental challenges in Northeast India, affecting the ecological balance and socio-economic development. Conserving forests and employing sustainable land use practices are the two main measures to slow down desertification and land degradation in the region. This requires a collaborative, multi-stakeholder approach, integrating traditional knowledge and modern scientific understanding of sustainable land management practices. Engaging local communities, implementing supportive policies, leveraging research and technology, and providing financial and technical support can help restore degraded lands, protect biodiversity, and ensure the long-term prosperity of the region. Moreover, to combat desertification in India, it is vital to establish a comprehensive policy and legislative framework for desertification and land degradation.
ToT Programme on Scope of Convergence of Schemes with Watershed Activities for Maximizing Investment under WDC-PMKSY 2.0
The Water Development Component (WDC) of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) 2.0 is pivotal in addressing India’s water-related challenges. This initiative signifies a strategic move towards achieving water security and sustainable agriculture by integrating various water-centric schemes. As we grapple with evolving climatic patterns and burgeoning agricultural demands, the convergence of central and state schemes under PMKSY becomes paramount. This strategic alignment is not just about maximising investments but is a holistic response to the intricate interplay of factors influencing water development.
PMKSY 2.0 emphasises the convergence of central and state initiatives, creating a synergistic approach for effective water resource management. The convergence model not only streamlines the planning and implementation process but also enhances investment prospects. By aligning central and state schemes, WDC PMKSY 2.0 aims to optimise resources, reduce duplication, and foster a more comprehensive water infrastructure development. This convergence is crucial for maximising the impact of water development activities, ensuring efficient utilisation of funds, and ultimately contributing to the sustainable growth of agriculture and rural economies.
To enhance the capacity of implementing officers and stakeholders involved in watershed development, the Centre for Natural Resource Management, Climate Change and Disaster Mitigation, NIRDPR organised a national-level programme on ‘Scope and Relevance of Convergence of Relevant Central and State Schemes with Watershed Activities for Maximizing Investment under WDC-PMKSY 2.0’ sponsored by the Department of Land Resources (DoLR), MoRD, Govt. of India from24th to 27th September 2024.
The objectives of the training programme were (i) fostering a comprehensive understanding among the Implementing Officials about the convergence of Central and state schemes with watershed activities, elucidating the scope and relevance in maximising investment for sustainable development, (ii) equipping participants with the necessary skills to identify, plan, and implement integrated initiatives that leverage the convergence of various government schemes with watershed activities, ensuring optimal utilisation of resources and maximising investment impact, and (iii) facilitating a platform for networking and collaboration among stakeholders, encouraging dialogue and partnerships between government bodies, NGOs, and local communities to enhance the effectiveness of converging Central and state schemes with watershed activities under WDC-PMKSY 2.0 for holistic development.
It was attended by 32 participants, including state officials from SLNAs of PMKSY-WDC 2.0 and various other departments such as Water Resources, Agriculture & Farmer’s Welfare, SIRDPR and line departments officials like Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, and Soil and Water Conservation, representing 11 states across India.
Dr Ravindra S. Gavali, Professor & Head, CNRM, CC & DM, NIRDPR, Hyderabad, inaugurated the training programme, highlighting the importance of integrating various schemes to enhance the effectiveness of watershed management projects. Dr Gavali emphasised the critical role of this convergence in addressing climate change and its impact on rural livelihoods, underscoring the need for collaborative efforts to maximise investments and benefits for rural communities.
Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor CNRM, CC & DM, NIRDPR, welcomed the participants and set the tone for a productive discussion on actionable strategies. A pre-training assessment of participants was conducted through a basic test (online) to evaluate their knowledge and understanding of Watershed Management under WDC PMKSY 2.0.
Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor, NIRDPR, delivered a presentation on the ‘Evolution of Watershed Development Guidelines of WDC-PMKSY 2.0.’ He outlined the historical context and progression of watershed management practices, emphasising the need for adaptive guidelines that address contemporary challenges. Dr Pammi highlighted key features of the updated framework, including strategies for community involvement, sustainable resource management, and climate resilience. His discussion underscored the importance of coordinating watershed development efforts with national objectives to enhance agricultural productivity and improve rural livelihoods.
Dr Mahesh Kumar, Chief Technical Officer from ICAR-IIMR, took a session on ‘Livelihood Diversification Opportunities through Millet-Based Enterprises.’ He introduced millets, highlighting their unique characteristics and major growing states in India. Emphasising millets as potential “harbingers of the evergreen revolution” amidst climate change, he compared their nutritional benefits to rice and wheat, showcasing their role in enhancing health and economic security. Dr Kumar discussed critical technological interventions in millet processing, the significance of milling technology, and innovative value-added processes like cold extrusion.
Dr Ravindra S. Gavali conducted an engaging session on ‘Crop Water Budgeting and Security Plans in Watersheds,’ stressing the urgency of measuring water usage and addressing water scarcity issues. He discussed the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall in India, highlighting the current water scenario and the increasing incidence and severity of droughts due to climate change. Dr Gavali introduced the concept of water budgeting, covering its facilitation areas, processes, and formats, and guided participants through calculations on annual water availability, harvest requirements, and agricultural needs. He addressed key initiatives such as the National Water Policy (2012), Mission Catch the Rain, and Jal Shakti Abhiyan. The session focused on Village Water Security Plans and best practices for effective water management.
On the second day, the participants were taken on a field visit to ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics)to gain insights into production system practices and watershed development studies. During the visit, Dr Arun Balamatti from ICRISAT gave participants an overview of the organisation’s various initiatives in watershed management. He emphasised the importance of effectively managing water resources in semi-arid regions to ensure sustainable agricultural practices. Participants also visited rainwater harvesting structures developed on the ICRISAT campus, as well as millet seed research fields and other cutting-edge technologies in crop science, gaining a deeper understanding of the integrated approach to addressing water scarcity and promoting resilience in agriculture.
On the third day, Dr Suresh Reddy, Principal Scientist from Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, conducted a session on the ‘Promotion of Horticulture & Plantation Crops under PMKSY-WDC-2.0.’ He discussed the Indian horticulture scenario, highlighting growth opportunities and challenges in the sector. The session covered key government initiatives such as the Horticulture Cluster Development Programme and the National Nursery Portal, along with the objectives and components of MIDH and NHB.
Dr. N.S.R. Prasad, Assistant Professor at CGARD, NIRDPR, delivered an informative session on ‘GIS-Based Comprehensive Planning in WDC-PMKSY-2.0 for Rational Utilization of Land and Water Resources.’ He discussed the fundamentals of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and highlighted various data sources essential for watershed management in India. The session covered techniques for watershed delineation, including Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and manual methods. It explored key resources like the AISLUS, CGWB basin maps, and the River Basin Atlas of India.
Dr K. Krishna Reddy, Director (ICT), MANAGE, Hyderabad, delivered a presentation on ‘A Scientific Approach to Watershed Planning,’ focusing on the “REWARD” watershed project. He outlined the programme’s development objectives, underlining the need for strengthened institutions and science-based strategies to enhance climate resilience and livelihoods. The session detailed the project’s comprehensive planning process, which includes pre-planning activities such as base map preparation, cropping system mapping, and soil nutrient mapping, followed by hydrological analysis and landscape hydrology.
Dr V. G. Nitya, Assistant Professor, CAS, NIRDPR, delivered a session on ‘Empowering SHGs and FPOs for Sustainable Watershed Management under WDC-PMKSY 2.0.’ She introduced the concept of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), detailing their types, registration preferences, and essential activities. Dr Nitya highlighted the advantages of FPOs in management while addressing challenges such as member mobilisation and governance.
Dr V. Suresh Babu, Associate Professor at NERC-NIRDPR, conducted a session on the convergence of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)-WDC 2.0 with several flagship programmes of the Government of India, including MGNREGS, NHM, and RKVY. He began by outlining the objectives of the Participatory Watershed Development Plan (PWDP), underscoring its potential to integrate various sectoral efforts for enhanced resource management. He highlighted the importance of strategic phasing and budget allocation within watershed projects, detailing how effective planning can significantly boost output. Dr Babu illustrated successful case studies, such as the synergy between MGNREGS and fisheries in Tamil Nadu, which not only improved livelihoods but also fostered sustainable practices. He also discussed innovative animal husbandry initiatives in Chhattisgarh and the collaborative “Green Sundarban” project in West Bengal, demonstrating the power of cross-departmental collaboration.
Participants presented their state’s initiatives in watershed management, showcasing successful projects that demonstrated the impact of convergence between central and state schemes, particularly under the WDC-PMKSY 2.0 framework. The presentations highlighted various strategies employed in different states, emphasising how collaborative efforts enhanced project outcomes and promoted livelihoods.
Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor, and Dr V. Suresh Babu, Associate Professor at NERC-NIRDPR, led the valedictory session. Dr Pammi highlighted the program’s key outcomes and encouraged participants to apply their newly acquired skills for effective watershed management. A post-training assessment was conducted through an online test to evaluate the participants’ understanding and retention of the course material.
Participants’ feedback was taken in the valedictory session, and the course was evaluated using the Training Management Portal (TMP) by the participants. The training programme was interactive, participatory, and practical, as ascertained from participants’ feedback, and it had an overall effectiveness of 90%. The session concluded with the distribution of course certificates and group photos. Dr Ravindra S. Gavali, Professor & Head and Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor, CNRM&CCDM, coordinated the training programme.
5-day ToT Programme on Promoting Agri-Start-Up & Agri-Entrepreneurship
The Centre for Entrepreneurship Development and Financial Inclusion (CEDFI) and the Centre for Agrarian Studies (CAS) of the National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR) conducted a five-day Training of Trainers (ToT) programme at the Institute from September 23-27, 2024, focused on fostering agri-startups and agri-entrepreneurship.
This programme aimed to comprehensively equip participants with knowledge, skills, and practical exposure to promote and support agricultural start-ups and entrepreneurship. It covered a wide range of topics from understanding the basics of agri-entrepreneurship to specific skills like packaging and marketing, as well as policy and scheme awareness. This programme was designed to help participants gain knowledge, develop practical skills, build networks, and apply key learning points in their respective contexts.
Participants gained valuable insights from Dr. Partha Pratim Sahu’s orientation on how the upcoming sessions would unfold. The session deliberated upon many critical issues, including the larger concerns of how agri-enterprise development would be inclusive and sustainable. Participants also learned about Affirmative Inquiry as a powerful tool for engaging stakeholders, boosting morale, and fostering innovation by focusing on strengths and possibilities rather than weaknesses and problems. This approach is an effective way to create transformative and sustainable change.
Dr Ramesh Sakthivel took a comprehensive session on the Rural Technology Park (RTP), followed by an exposure visit. Participants learned how RTP plays a key role in promoting rural development by integrating technology adoption, skill development, and entrepreneurship. During the visit, participants observed how RTP provides training on a wide range of rural livelihood options, including beekeeping and honey processing, mushroom cultivation and processing, bio-pesticides and neem-based products, vermicomposting, leaf plate and cup making, handmade paper products, clay processing and crafts, tribal and fashion jewellery, herbal cosmetics, etc. Participants realised that these showcased technologies focus on sustainability, eco-friendliness, and utilising local resources. Through this exposure, participants were able to understand how these technologies contribute to sustainable rural livelihoods and can be effectively implemented in their communities.
Dr Vanishree Joseph’s session on mainstreaming gender in agri-entrepreneurship and livelihoods gave participants valuable insights into the evolving nature of gender roles across different regions and periods. Through group work, participants could engage in practical discussions across various sectors, such as manufacturing, services, agriculture, and investments. This exercise helped participants understand the importance of collaboration among different stakeholders and the role of gender inclusivity in promoting successful entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. The session’s participatory nature encouraged them to think creatively about business solutions and their potential impact on rural communities.
During Dr Saravanan Raj’s presentation on the initiatives of the Centre for Innovation and Agripreneurship at MANAGE, participants gained a comprehensive understanding of the key programs designed to promote agri-startups and entrepreneurship. They were introduced to the RKVY-RAFTAAR Program, Student Orientation Program (SOP), Agripreneurship Orientation Program (AOP), and Start-up Agri Incubation Program (SAIP), each offering valuable support for budding entrepreneurs in agriculture. Participants learned about various ongoing opportunities for learning, such as webinars and training available through the MANAGE portal, which can help them stay updated on the latest trends and innovations in agribusiness. They were particularly inspired by success stories shared during the session, such as PAKSHIMITRA, a net-zero poultry farm focused on waste management; Spice and Beans, a venture into value addition and marketing; Good Happy Botonics, which specialises in natural resource management and waste-to-health, and MARUT Drones, which utilises precision agriculture, automation, and intelligence. These cases provided practical insights into how innovative approaches and technological integration can transform agricultural enterprises, motivating participants to think creatively about their entrepreneurial journeys in the agri-sector.
Mr Purushotham Rudrarajutook a session on ‘Agripreneurial Excellence: Cultivating Innovation in Agriculture’ to discuss the entrepreneurial mindset crucial for transforming agriculture into a profitable venture. He emphasised that identifying societal issues like drinking water scarcity, inorganic practices, and market gaps can lead to viable business ideas. He underlined the power of creating emotional connections with customers, noting that emotionally driven marketing has a more lasting impact than logic-based approaches.
In a participatory brainstorming session on ‘Why farming is not profitable,’ participants identified barriers such as cash flow gaps, lack of crop diversity, and the comfort of sticking to old methods. Mr Purushotham presented a business canvas that outlined essential elements of entrepreneurship, such as key partners, activities, resources, value propositions, customer relationships, and revenue streams. Participants learned how modern agribusinesses, including high-value supply chains, can be effectively managed remotely. The session also addressed the importance of pre-production planning, cost optimisation, and product grading, as well as gaps in the value chain, especially in production, marketing, and technology, and envisioning the larger business landscape. He elaborated on value addition by discussing factors like quality, functionality, form, place, time, and ease of possession. Finally, a discussion on customer expectations—both internal (stakeholders) and external (buyers, retailers, wholesalers)—shed light on how to avoid exploitation in agribusiness.
Mr N. Nataraj explained the packaging concept in detail. He said PACKAGE stands for Packaging, Attributes, Compatibility, Knowledge, Appeal, Graphics, and Economics. Participants gained insights into the Indian Institute of Packaging’s role in the Indian packaging industry, including testing various packaging materials and providing certification for exports. The discussion highlighted levels of packaging, key elements such as style uniqueness, surface graphics, and the connection between promotion, advertisement, and the product. Participants recognised the importance of packaging, viewing it as an integral part of both production and marketing. They also discovered new dimensions, realising that packaging itself can be a valuable business opportunity.
Mr Ravi Tejapresented on ‘Natural Farming and Aromatic Crops Opportunities.’ Participants were introduced to significant market opportunities through natural farming practices, with a focus on chamomile and essential oils. He stated that the global demand for these products is high, presenting a major opportunity for aspiring agri-entrepreneurs. He added that the significant input cost is a one-time investment, and the return on investment is high.
Participants were taken to the Millet Processing and Incubation Centre at PJTSAU for an exposure visit. They learned about the centre’s commitment to supporting farmers and aspiring entrepreneurs and its emphasis on imparting knowledge related to millet processing technologies and providing guidance for entrepreneurial ventures. The centre fosters millet-based entrepreneurship and innovation, particularly in developing new technologies and value-added products like millet-based food items. It offers incubation services, training, and mentorship to start-ups, entrepreneurs, and small-scale farmers, which are essential for tapping into the growing demand for healthy and sustainable foods.
Dr Jyothi Prakash Mohanty presented on NRLM’s efforts to promote agripreneurship and marketing initiatives, giving participants a clear understanding of the ongoing activities under NRLM across India. He highlighted how NRLM has been instrumental in scaling up agribusinesses, such as the custard apple pulp extraction unit in Chhattisgarh. Dr Mohanty also offered his support to participants for any agribusiness interventions in rural areas.
Dr. Nithya V.G. delivered a session on ‘Collective and Aggregation Models: The Case of FPOs.’ Participants gained insights into the challenges faced by individual farmers and the power of collectives. The session covered the fundamentals of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) and the government-sponsored schemes supporting them. Participants also learned about the key implementing agencies for FPOs. The role of Community-based Business Organisations (CBOs) in providing initial training to FPOs was highlighted, and participants, previously unfamiliar with CBOs, showed keen interest in learning more about this new aspect. Participants got an overview of the registration of FPCs for multiple business activities.
Dr Surjit Vikraman delivered a presentation on ‘Value Chain Analysis: Opportunities and Challenges.’ The session highlighted that environmental and social impacts are just as crucial as economic impacts. Key concepts such as carbon footprints and water footprints were introduced to participants, alongside discussions on soil conservation, biodiversity, and food wastage. Participants learned that while economic and social impacts contribute to inclusive value chain development, incorporating environmental considerations leads to truly sustainable value chain development.
Participants like Mrs Manasa, an entrepreneur, shared her entrepreneurial journey. Dr Pravin Kumar appraised participants about FIST, IIT Patna, and their ongoing activities, i.e., how they support innovators and start-ups. Mr. G. Praveen, working with the Bal Bikash, shared experiences of FPOs.
Dr Sahu’s session on ‘Schemes and Programmes related to Agri-entrepreneurship’ provided participants with valuable insights into a wide array of central and state initiatives available for agri-startups. Participants gained a better understanding of the real challenges in the dissemination of government policies, where accessibility proves to be a more pressing issue than awareness. The session revealed that despite being in a digital age where people are informed about ongoing schemes and policies, the inability to access these resources remains a barrier.
As a newcomer in this agripreneurship journey, I found the sessions valuable and informative. This training opened up numerous agribusiness opportunities for me. The opportunity to interact with peers from diverse backgrounds enriched my experience. The participatory approach of the training allowed me to gain a deeper understanding of individual farmer challenges and their collective potential. By the end of the training, I found myself contemplating the possibility of becoming an entrepreneur, something I hadn’t seriously considered before. One aspect of this training that I truly cherish is the growth-oriented environment it fostered. Additionally, the chance to engage with renowned experts has given me the confidence to seek guidance from them when needed. This training has undoubtedly expanded my horizons and motivated me to pursue new ventures.
Akash Kaushik, Business Development Facilitator, Chhattisgarh Agricon Samiti
This programme was jointly coordinated by Dr Partha Pratim Sahu, Associate Professor & Head, CEDFI, and Dr Surjit Vikraman, CAS, Associate Professor & Head, NIRDPR.
(This report is prepared by Shri Akash Kaushik with inputs from Dr Partha Pratim Sahu.)
NIRDPR Officials Attend Hindi Day Celebration and Fourth All India Official Language Conference
The Hindi Day and Fourth All India Official Language Conference was organised on 14th -15th September 2024 at Bharat Mandapam, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, under the aegis of the Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi. Representing the National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR), Smt. Anita Pandey, Assistant Director (OL), Shri E. Ramesh, Senior Hindi Translator and Smt. V. Annapurna, Junior Hindi Translator, participated in the event.
The conference was chaired by Union Minister for Home and Cooperation Shri Amit Shah. Ministers of State for Home, Shri Nityanand Rai and Shri Bandi Sanjay, were present as special guests. The Union Home Minister released the Diamond Jubilee Special Issue of ‘Rajbhasha Bharati’ magazine, specially prepared for the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the official language. Shri Amit Shah released a commemorative postage stamp and coin besides presenting the Rajbhasha Gaurav and Rajbhasha Kirti Awards and inaugurating the Indian Languages Section.
In his address, Shri Amit Shah said that the journey of the last 75 years has been to preserve and promote our traditions, culture, languages, literature, art and grammar by accepting Hindi as the official language and connecting all the local languages of the country through it. He said that the 75-year journey of Hindi is now at the last stage of achieving its objectives, and today is the day to make Hindi the language of communication, common people, and technology and spread it as an international language. Shri Amit Shah said that the promotion of the official language cannot happen until we strengthen all our local languages and the official language establishes a dialogue with them. He said that Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand have prepared the entire curriculum of medical education in Hindi today and added that Hindi would become the language for research in the coming days.
Eminent and distinguished personalities, including Shri Harivansh (Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha), Shri Sudhanshu Trivedi (Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha), Ajay Kumar Mishra (Former Minister of State for Home Affairs), Dr Kumar Vishwas, Prof. Vimlesh Kanti Verma, Prof. S. Tankamani Amma, Prof. Girish Nath Jha, Prof. Sunil Baburao Kulkarni, Dr Ispak Ali, Nityanand Rai (Union Minister of State for Home Affairs), Amlan Tripathi, Atul Kumar Goel, Ajay Kumar Shrivastava, Arjun Ram Meghwal (Union Minister for Law and Justice), Prof. Sangeet Ragi, Tushar Mehta, Shri Anupam Kher (Film Actor, Producer and Director), Chandraprakash Dwivedi, among others, handled the sessions at the All India Official Language Conference and expressed their views. At the end of the two-day programme, certificates were given to the participants.
NIRDPR Celebrates Hindi Pakhwada
As per the guidelines of the Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, the Hindi Pakhwada 2024 was organised from 14th-28th September 2024 at the National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR), Hyderabad.
During this fortnight, six competitions were organised. In his address on 14th September 2024, Dr G. Narendra Kumar, IAS, Director General, NIRDPR, said that India is celebrating Hindi Diwas, which marks the 75th anniversary of the adoption of Hindi as the official language of the country. Extending wishes to all the officers, employees, faculty members, and PGDRDM students, he said the Diamond Jubilee celebration of Rajbhasha is being held across the country and is a matter of pride for us. The DG further hoped for more participation in the coming year and opined to work more in Hindi and prepare the training material in regional languages to reach the people. He observed that effective implementation of the schemes is possible if training material is also prepared in Hindi and regional languages.
Delivering the welcome address, Shri Manoj Kumar, Registrar and Director (Admn), said that being a government employee, it is our duty to do more office work in Hindi.
The event was concluded successfully on 27th September 2024 under the chairmanship of Dr G. Narendra Kumar, IAS, Director General. Smt. Anita Pandey, Assistant Director of Official Language Section, delivered the welcome address and briefed about this year’s Hindi Pakhwada. She said the positive atmosphere towards the official language, Hindi, in the office, is inspiring. Further, she requested to use Hindi as much as possible in office work and thanked everyone for making the Hindi Day and Hindi Fortnight programmes successful.
The Director General distributed prizes to the winners of the competitions organised during the Hindi Pakhwada. Shri E. Ramesh, Senior Hindi Translator, anchored the programme, and Ms. V. Annapurna, Junior Hindi Translator, presented the vote of thanks. The staff of the Official Language section assisted in the conduct of the two-week-long event.
NRLM CASE STUDY SERIES:
Empowering Change: Impact of NRLM Support on Suguna’s Napkin Unit
Mr Ashutosh Dhami
Young Professional, NRLMRC-NIRDPR
and
Dr Jyoti Prakash Mohanty
Deputy Director, NRLMRC-NIRDPR
Introduction
The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), launched in 2011, plays a crucial role in enhancing the socio-economic status of rural populations by promoting self-employment and entrepreneurship. Central to NRLM’s mission is empowering women by forming and supporting Self-Help Groups (SHGs). By improving access to financial services, providing skill development, and fostering income-generating activities, NRLM aims to build sustainable livelihoods and resilience in rural communities. One compelling example of NRLM’s impact is Suguna’s Napkin Unit in Somangalam Panchayat, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu.
Established with the assistance of NRLM on 20th December 2014, this unit specialises in producing sanitary napkins. Through NRLM’s support, Suguna’s enterprise has flourished, addressing local needs while significantly contributing to economic growth.
Suguna’s Napkin Unit not only highlights NRLM’s effective interventions but also exemplifies how grassroots entrepreneurship can transform communities. By examining the development and achievements of Suguna’s enterprise, we can appreciate how NRLM’s strategic support has empowered individuals, fostered economic advancement, and improved the quality of life in rural areas.
Background
Suguna, an inspiring entrepreneur from the Kamadhenu Self-Help Group (SHG), embarked on a transformative journey to create a sustainable source of income for herself and her community. Initially a tailor earning just ₹500 per month, Suguna’s determination led her to undertake rigorous training, travelling three kilometres daily to acquire the necessary skills in sanitary napkin production. With the steadfast support of her husband, she invested ₹25,000 in a basic pad machine and founded her enterprise on 20th December 2014.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Suguna’s enterprise made a significant impact by producing over 2 lakh masks, further solidifying her reputation. Her dedication and leadership were honoured with several government awards, and she was appointed as the state-level secretary for napkin production units. Today, her brand, ‘Smoothy Sanitary Napkin,’ stands as a testament to her entrepreneurial spirit and the profound effect of grassroots innovation supported by initiatives like NRLM. Suguna’s journey highlights her achievements and underscores well-supported local entrepreneurship’s transformative potential.
Business Development
Initial Steps: Suguna’s entrepreneurial journey began in December 2014, when she took a significant step by investing ₹25,000 in a basic pad machine. This initial investment marked the foundation of her business. Early on, Suguna secured government orders that played a crucial role in providing momentum and financial stability. These orders validated her business concept and laid the groundwork for future growth.
Support and Expansion: To further develop her business, Suguna sought and obtained a PLF loan (Panchayat Level Federation loan ) of ₹3 lakh and further expand her operations; she also secured a term loan of Rs.20 lakh from Indian Bank (Oragadam Branch). The loan was obtained with a tenure of 3 years and a nominal interest rate of 12 per cent. This financial support was instrumental in upgrading her machinery and increasing production capacity. The loan enabled Suguna to meet the growing demand and strengthened her position as a critical player in the sanitary napkin industry in Tamil Nadu. This financial support was instrumental in expanding her operations. With this loan, she made several strategic investments in machinery and infrastructure. Key additions included a manual dryer, an automatic dryer, a grinder, a compressor, and a weighing machine. These enhancements significantly boosted her production capabilities and operational efficiency.
As a result of these improvements, Suguna’s unit now produces approximately 1.2 lakh sanitary napkins per month. To maintain this high level of production, she sources raw materials from various regions, including Madurai, Theni, Trichy, and Mumbai. This diverse sourcing strategy ensures a steady supply of quality materials and supports the unit’s large-scale production.
Production and Revenue: The unit produces 50,000 packets of napkins annually, each packet containing six pieces. With a profit margin of ₹1.50 per piece, the annual revenue amounts to ₹30 lakh. The total annual profit, after expenses, stands at ₹5.71 lakh. The unit employs seven SHG members, contributing to local economic development.
Financial Breakdown
- Monthly Production: 120,000 pieces
- Annual Revenue: ₹30 lakh
- Annual Expenses: ₹24.29 lakh
- Net Annual Profit: ₹5.71 lakh
Expenses include costs for raw materials, transport, utilities, and salaries. The unit’s efficient management of these costs ensures financial sustainability.
Challenges and Solutions
Suguna’s Napkin Unit initially faced significant capital constraints, which threatened to hinder the launch and growth of the business. To address this, Suguna secured a PLF loan of ₹3 lakh and leveraged contributions from SHG members to provide the necessary financial support. This combined funding was crucial in setting up the initial infrastructure and machinery required for production.
Another major challenge was maintaining consistent quality while scaling up to meet large orders. To tackle this, Suguna implemented rigorous quality control measures and invested in continuous training for her team. Support from Mahalir Thittam, an initiative dedicated to empowering rural women and supporting entrepreneurial ventures, played a critical role in enhancing operational standards and efficiency. Through these measures, Suguna’s Napkin Unit successfully met the demands of large orders and upheld high production standards, ensuring both quality and reliability in its products.
Economic and Social Impact
The establishment of Suguna’s Napkin Unit has markedly enhanced the economic well-being of Suguna and her Kamadhenu SHG members. With an annual profit exceeding ₹5 lakh, the unit has significantly improved the members’ living standards, enabling them to support their families better and contribute positively to the local economy. This financial stability represents a key milestone for the Kamadhenu SHG, demonstrating the transformative impact of entrepreneurial ventures on rural communities. The unit employs seven SHG members, contributing to local economic development.
Beyond its economic success, the napkin unit has made a substantial social impact. By providing affordable sanitary napkins, the enterprise has addressed a critical health and hygiene need within the community. This has improved menstrual hygiene for many women, fostering better health outcomes. Furthermore, the unit’s success has inspired other women in the community to pursue their entrepreneurial endeavours, creating a ripple effect of empowerment and opportunity.
Conclusion
Suguna’s Napkin Unit stands as a compelling example of the transformative power of grassroots entrepreneurship, particularly when supported by financial assistance programmes. Her journey underscores how women-led enterprises can become powerful agents of economic and social change, demonstrating the profound impact that targeted support and collective effort can have on building sustainable livelihoods.
When Suguna embarked on her entrepreneurial path, she faced numerous challenges, including limited initial capital and significant cultural and financial barriers. However, she overcame these obstacles with the support of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) and her SHG. The initial PLF loan, her investments, and community support provided the foundation to establish and expand her business. The success of Suguna’s Napkin Unit goes beyond just economic profitability. It highlights how strategic support can empower women to take charge of their future and make substantial contributions to their communities. By producing affordable sanitary napkins, Suguna’s enterprise improved the economic conditions of SHG members and addressed a crucial public health need, enhancing menstrual hygiene and overall well-being.
The unit’s success inspired other women to explore entrepreneurial ventures and demonstrated the potential for grassroots businesses to drive broader social change. Suguna’s story exemplifies the positive outcomes of integrating financial support, training, and community engagement in fostering self-sustaining enterprises. Her achievements illustrate that grassroots entrepreneurship can significantly improve lives, uplift communities, and contribute to long-term development with the proper support and determination.
(This note is based on a recent field visit by the Deputy Director of NRLMRC, NIRDPR, to Tamil Nadu, followed by additional follow-up through a questionnaire.)
Two-day Workshop on Social Determinants of Rural Health
The Centre for PG Studies and Distance Education (CPGS&DE) of NIRDPR, Hyderabad, in collaboration with the Centre for Innovations and Appropriate Technologies (CIAT), organised a two-day workshop, ‘Addressing the Social Determinants of Rural Health in the LSDG Era’ on 4th and 5th September 2024 at Hyderabad.
While delivering the inaugural address, Prof. Jyothis Sathyapalan, Head of CPGS&DE, highlighted the importance of addressing social determinants of rural health. He emphasised the need to overcome challenges and barriers that hinder improvements in rural health and welcomed the delegates, encouraging them to participate actively in the workshop’s deliberations.
The workshop focused on four critical social determinants of rural health: housing, drinking water, education, and nutrition. Resource persons were invited to lead discussions on each topic.
Housing: Dr. Ramesh Sakthivel, Associate Professor & Head, CCSR&PPP, along with Md. Khan, Senior Consultant at CIAT & Rural Technology, NIRDPR, Hyderabad, led the session. It focused on sustainable housing technologies, structural requirements of houses with a focus on rural housing standards, improving housing conditions for a good quality of life, reducing poverty, helping mitigate climate change, and contributing to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The quality and environmental context of housing were some of the aspects discussed during the session.
Drinking Water: Dr Lalit Mohan Sharma, a specialist in Water Management Technology at the Sehgal Foundation, New Delhi, led this session. It explored the significance of clean water for a healthy and dignified life and emphasised safe sanitation practices. The discussion also covered water quality issues in affected areas, the importance of biofilm protection, and sustainable household technologies for clean water generation.
Education: Dr T. Vijay Kumar, Associate Professor at NIRDPR, North Eastern Regional Centre, Guwahati, Assam, highlighted the role of quality education in shaping individual and community health. The session highlighted the importance of accessing quality education and its significant role in shaping individual health outcomes and overall community health. Further, the session deliberated on the relationship between education and health, as it has shown individuals with higher levels of education are likely to adopt healthy lifestyle involving balanced diet, regular exercise and abstinence from tobacco and alcohol.
Nutrition: Dr A. Laxmaiah, former Scientist & Head of the Division of Public Health and Nutrition at ICMR – National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, discussed the triple burden of disease and strategies for prevention and control. The session also focused on promoting nutritional literacy and the importance of a diversified, balanced diet for improving rural health.
After the lead sessions, the participants were divided into four breakout groups, each focusing on one of the determinants. The group discussions, coordinated by the resource persons, addressed various challenges, barriers, and actionable strategies related to rural health. Participants actively engaged in these discussions, sharing insights from their respective fields.
As part of the workshop, the delegates were provided hands-on experience through visit to the Rural Technology Park at NIRDPR, where they explored housing technologies relevant to rural areas. The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana (PMGAY) model houses particularly impressed the participants with their sustainable design and potential to improve rural living and health conditions.
The workshop concluded on 5th September 2024 with presentations by the four working groups. These presentations highlighted the key barriers and challenges associated with each determinant of rural health and proposed strategic approaches to address these issues effectively.
The workshop was coordinated by Dr Sucharita Pujari, Assistant Professor, CPGS&DE; Md. Khan, Senior Consultant, RTP, NIRDPR; and Prof. Jyothis Sathyapalan, Head, CPGS&DE, NIRDPR.
GENDER KALEIDOSCOPE:
SDG 5 in Focus: How India is Paving the Way for Gender Equality
India’s Advancements in SDG 5 Through Data and Infographics
Dr Vanishree Joseph
Assistant Professor & Head, CGSD, NIRDPR
India’s journey towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), which focuses on gender equality and empowering women and girls, reflects a multifaceted scenario of progress and ongoing challenges. Significant development has been made in areas like women’s participation in household decision-making, but other critical aspects such as economic empowerment, access to technology, and reproductive health services reveal substantial gaps. This multifaceted progress highlights the importance of targeted policies and sustained efforts to address the disparities and fully realise the objectives of SDG 5 by 2030.
The data from NITI Aayog on India’s performance in achieving SDG 5 reveals significant gaps across various indicators of gender equality and women’s empowerment. In the area of family planning, 74.1 per cent of women have their needs satisfied by modern methods, falling short of the 100 per cent target, which indicates a need for improved access to reproductive health services. The situation is more critical in economic empowerment, where only 13.96 per cent of women hold operational land, far below the target of 50 per cent, highlighting the necessity for more robust policies to secure women’s land rights.
Regarding access to technology, 53.9 per cent of women own a mobile phone, compared to the target of 80.63 per cent, pointing to a digital divide that limits women’s access to information and economic opportunities. Women’s participation in household decision-making is at 88.7 per cent, nearing the 100 per cent target but still indicating room for improvement. The sex ratio at birth is 929 girls per 1,000 boys, below the target of 950, reflecting ongoing gender bias and preference for male children.
Economic disparities are further evident in the female-to-male average wage/salary earnings, which stands at 0.76 against a target of 1, showing that women earn significantly less than men. Similarly, the female-to-male Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) ratio is only 0.48, indicating that women’s participation in the workforce is less than half that of men. In leadership roles, women occupy 210.24 managerial positions per 1,000 persons, slightly below the target of 245, suggesting a need for greater representation in leadership and decision-making roles.
A particularly concerning indicator is the prevalence of spousal violence, where 29.2 per cent of women report experiencing physical or sexual violence, far above the target of zero, highlighting the urgent need for stronger legal protections and social interventions to combat domestic violence.
Towards Formalising and Scaling Up Rice-Based Products: A Case of PMFME-ODOP in Sasaram, Bihar
Mr Adarsh Kumar Mishra
PGDM-RM Batch V Students, NIRDPR, Hyderabad
Mishraadarsh67@gmail.com
Introduction
This study examines the implementation and impact of the Prime Minister’s Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) scheme in the Rohtas district, with a focus on rice-based products identified under the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative. The research employs an exploratory approach to analyse the support services provided by the scheme, the changes experienced by microenterprise stakeholders, and the quality of services from different institutions.
Data from individual entrepreneurs, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs/FPCs) indicate significant awareness of the PMFME-ODOP scheme yet limited actual adoption and benefit realisation. Many microenterprises continue to use traditional methods and face challenges in marketing and branding their products. Financial support dominates the services provided, with inadequate emphasis on marketing. Feedback highlights challenges like stringent eligibility criteria, challenging repayment schedules, and insufficient training programmes.
The study identifies key areas for improvement, including relaxing eligibility criteria, enhancing marketing and branding support, and providing more flexible repayment schedules. Additionally, the establishment of dedicated monitoring and evaluation teams is recommended to ensure the quality and effectiveness of training programmes. Overall, while the PMFME-ODOP scheme has the potential to impact micro food processing enterprises in Sasaram significantly, targeted improvements are necessary to fully realise its benefits and support the growth of rice-based products in the region.
The objectives of the study were to understand the nature and type of support services provided under PMFME-ODOP, examine the indicative change brought by PMFME for microenterprise stakeholders (individual/SHGs/FPOs/FPCs) after being part of the scheme, and analyse the type and quality of support services provided by different institutions.
Study Area
Rohtas district, Bihar’s largest rice producer, significantly contributes to rice production, with Sasaram as its headquarters. The PMFME-ODOP scheme, a flagship initiative by the Government of India, aims to formalise micro food processing enterprises by providing credit, marketing, technology, skilling, and support, designating rice as Rohtas’ ODOP in 2018. Launched in 2020, the scheme’s impact on beneficiaries and the realisation of its objectives needs exploration. By reviewing the literature and research questions, the study aims to understand policy implementation and government support effectiveness and gather feedback for improvement through exploratory research.
This study faces several constraints. Geographical limitations confine findings to Sasaram, reducing generalisability. Convenience sampling and a sample size of 40 may introduce bias and limit representation. Reliance on interviews and focus groups risks response bias, and the study’s focus since the PMFME launch in 2020 may overlook long-term impacts. Analysis using tools like MS Excel may lack depth, and unique contextual factors limit universal applicability. Despite these limitations, the study aims to provide valuable insights into the PMFME-ODOP scheme’s impact in Sasaram.
Materials and Methods
The study employed an exploratory research approach to gain in-depth insights into the PMFME-ODOP scheme’s impact on Sasaram subdivision in Rohtas District, Bihar.Data was sourced primarily through in-depth interviews with qualitative and quantitative questions and focus group discussions (FGDs) with SHGs, FPCs, and FPOs. Secondary data is obtained from literature and government publications. The sample includes 22 SHGs from Sasaram (sourced from Bihar SRLM District office), 5 FPC/FPOs (sourced from NABARD Patna office), and 13 individual entrepreneurs (primary data). The sample size was calculated using an online sample size calculator, totalling 40 respondents. Convenience sampling, also known as purposive or non-probability sampling, involving the deliberate selection of specific units based on accessibility, was used.
A literature review was done to comprehensively understand the PMFME (Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises) and ODOP (One District One Product) schemes. This provided insights into the objectives, implementation strategies, and overall impact of these initiatives. A key part of the analysis involved identifying the ODOP products specific to Sasaram and understanding the rationale behind their selection. Concurrently, data was gathered on PMFME beneficiaries, including individual entrepreneurs, self-help groups (SHGs), and Farmer Producer Companies/Organisations (FPCs/FPOs), offering a clearer picture of how these schemes benefit different community sectors.
Further exploration into the types of rice-based enterprises in Sasaram was done to distinguish between community-based and individually-owned ventures, providing a framework for understanding local business models. It was essential to examine the support services available under the PMFME scheme and identify the challenges entrepreneurs face in accessing these resources. Additionally, investigating operational micro food processing units shed light on the reasons for non-participation by eligible beneficiaries, which pointed to gaps in the scheme’s implementation as well as outreach.
The assessment of the changes brought about by the PMFME scheme in Sasaram revealed the extent of its impact on local food processing industries, economic development, and entrepreneurship, thus contributing to a broader understanding of its effectiveness in the region.
The key indicators for examining change included income appreciation, product quality, packaging quality, and market expansion.
Data Analysis
The collected dataset was analysed to understand its structure and content comprehensively. Addressing missing values was a critical next step to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data, either by imputing missing information or removing incomplete records. Once the dataset was cleaned, responses were classified according to the stakeholder groups they represented to enable targeted analysis based on the different roles or interests of participants.
To effectively communicate the insights derived from the data, quantitative information was visualised through graphs and charts, which provided a more precise and intuitive understanding of trends, patterns, and relationships within the dataset. Tools like MS Excel, JASP, Microsoft Power BI, and Google Looker Studio were used for the analysis process.
Results and Discussion
For Individual Enterprise Owner
The analysis of individual microenterprises under the PMFME-ODOP scheme reveals that most enterprises are relatively young, with 46.2 per cent being three years old and a significant portion of owners (46.2 per cent) being graduates. Awareness of the scheme is high, primarily through CBBOs (69.2 per cent). However, only 46.2 per cent engage in ODOP-identified rice-based products, and 53.8 per cent are not ODOP-identified. Entrepreneurs show a wide range of experience, mostly learned through traditional methods. While 76.9 per cent report profitability, challenges remain in marketing, branding, and accessing distant markets. Support services primarily include financial aid, with 23.1 per cent also receiving training. Market expansion is limited, with most enterprises relying on local markets. Additional needs include better marketing assistance, frequent packaging training, and support in logistics. MUDRA loans significantly supplement the PMFME, benefiting 46.2 per cent of respondents. While 53.8 per cent see a positive operational impact and 30.8 per cent report increased profitability, many are uncertain. 23.1 per cent of them have observed an expanded market after being the beneficiary of this scheme. Most entrepreneurs are relatively new to food processing, and opinions on the ODOP designation’s relevance vary. Product acceptance is mixed, and increased shelf life is noted by none of the individual entrepreneurs from this scheme as they have not received any training support for shelf-life improvement through this scheme. Less than half, 46.2 per cent, saw positive scheme impact acceptance by the whole seller/retailer or other component of the distribution channel. Overall, the scheme’s marketing and training components require improvement to enhance its effectiveness fully.
For Group Enterprise Owner
A study on SHG-owned/member-owned enterprises revealed significant insights into their operations and challenges, especially concerning the PMFME-ODOP scheme. Among respondents, 52.2 per cent were SHG presidents, with most groups aged 8-9 years reflecting established organisations. Education levels varied, with 65.2 per cent having a 10th-grade education, indicating a generally literate group. Loan applications showed that 47.8 per cent were ineligible for PMFME loans, primarily due to lack of ODOP product processing experience (30.4 per cent) and financial constraints (17.4 per cent). Enterprise activities were diverse, with 39.1 per cent in rice-based products and limited ODOP designation (39.1 per cent). Experience levels were substantial, with many enterprises operating for five to seven years and learning product processing traditionally. Profitability was reported by 60.9 per cent of enterprises, though only 17.4 per cent saw increased profits from PMFME benefits, and loan repayment was challenging for 34.8 per cent. Support was received from multiple sources, including banks, Jeevika, and MUDRA, with 21.7 per cent obtaining loans and packaging training. However, the lack of marketing and branding support was notable. Market access challenges included marketing (30.4 per cent), financial issues (13 per cent), competition, and transportation. Additional support desires included non-ODOP product support, common branding, dedicated mentoring, relaxed loan processes, and logistics subsidies. Despite the scheme’s promises, implementation faced numerous challenges, with only 30.4 per cent seeing a positive impact on operations and 21.7 per cent reporting increased market acceptance. Administrative processes were smooth for 30.4 per cent of respondents. However, challenges remained, highlighting the need for more inclusive and supportive policies for SHG-owned enterprises to benefit fully from the PMFME-ODOP scheme.30.4 per cent of them have observed more buyers apart from their existing ones after becoming the beneficiaries of this scheme.
The surveyed FPOs/FPCs are predominantly young, with 40 per cent aged four years and 60 per cent aged three years. Members generally have intermediate-level education. Awareness of the PMFME scheme is limited, with 60 per cent informed through CBBOs. Most enterprises focus on paddy/rice (80 per cent) and wheat (20 per cent). Still, they are ineligible for PMFME due to strict criteria, including a minimum turnover of Rs.1 crore and three years of processing experience. Consequently, none have benefited from the scheme. These enterprises seek relaxation in eligibility criteria to access PMFME benefits, as they currently engage mainly in local commodity selling and input-output business.
For Service Providers
The data gathered from service providers, including SRLM and bank officials, sheds light on various aspects of the PMFME scheme. According to their perspectives, the awareness level among potential beneficiaries about PMFME is varied. While 57.1 per cent acknowledge good awareness, 28.8 per cent note a lack of awareness, and 14.3 per cent strongly disagree with any awareness. Training primarily revolves around financial assistance, as reported by 66.7 per cent of respondents, though 33.3 per cent mention additional services like packaging, market linkage, and food safety training. On the ground, service providers indicate that, on average, individual beneficiaries have initiated ten micro food processing enterprises through PMFME, with four group-based and eight ODOP-dedicated enterprises. Challenges in the rollout include awareness creation, beneficiary mobilisation, eligibility identification, and political differences between the state and centre. Satisfaction levels among beneficiaries, as perceived by service providers, vary, with 40 per cent rating the scheme 8 out of 10, 35 per cent rating it 7, and 25 per cent rating it 5. Dissatisfaction primarily stems from non-eligibility for certain categories and demands for equality and policy changes. Suggestions for improvement include increased engagement with social volunteers, collaboration with more CBBOs, and relaxation of eligibility criteria in certain components. Even service providers acknowledge that some criteria are stringent and may warrant review for smoother implementation. Thus, while the PMFME scheme has made strides, there is room for enhancement, particularly in addressing awareness gaps, refining training programmes, and ensuring equitable access to benefits.
What do the Indicators have to Say?
Key Findings
The PMFME-ODOP scheme in Sasaram, Bihar, provides limited support services, primarily financial aid, training on packaging, bookkeeping, GST, hygiene, FSSAI standards, regulatory approvals, and DPR preparation. However, marketing support is notably lacking, which is a common grievance among beneficiaries. Despite claims from service providers of offering market linkage and extensive training, beneficiaries, especially non-ODOP enterprises, report otherwise. Service providers acknowledge working within restrictive guidelines and suggest relaxing eligibility criteria to broaden access. On-ground data shows limited impact on beneficiaries’ enterprises or lives, emphasising the need for equal support for non-ODOP products and relaxed criteria for maximum benefit.
To examine the change, we have used indicators as shown above, and as per our indicator, only 30.8 per cent of the beneficiaries have seen an income appreciation in the case of individual enterprises, while only 17.4 per cent have seen the same in the case of group (SHG) enterprises. When we look into our second indicator, 46.2 per cent of the beneficiaries in the case of individual enterprises have observed increased product quality, while only 21.7 per cent of the beneficiaries have noticed the same in the case of group enterprises (SHG). On the other hand, none of the respondents saw an improvement in quality of their packaging through this scheme in the case of individual enterprises. At the same time, 21.7 per cent of the Group enterprises (SHG) beneficiaries have observed the same for their product, and 23.1 per cent of the individual enterprise beneficiaries have noticed the market expansion of their product. In comparison, 30.4 per cent of the group enterprises (SHG) have also noticed expansion of their market.
This data is clear enough to show the variation of changes in individual and group enterprises and how FPO/FPC in the sample has become ineligible for this scheme because of stringent eligibility. The scheme has brought a minor change in the operation/life of their beneficiary micro-entrepreneurs, which is not much visible. More focus on collective ODOP product marketing must be placed to bring about a massive change so that a particular product can be marketed under a specific brand name for visible change.
The support services providers in the area are CBBOs, NGOs, and Bank Bihar Jeevika, which provide mixed and converged support to the beneficiaries by collaborating with different schemes. The most common mix of service providers is with MUDRA loan. Most of them are beneficiaries of MUDRA, too, and very few have only received benefits from PMFME. Additionally, support to the beneficiaries is sometimes also provided by prominent local businessmen and SHGs in the case of SHG members being beneficiaries. So, the type of support available here for the beneficiary is mixed and converged support, with a quality that has enormous scope for improvement. With the current quality of support, it is tough to achieve greater heights for this scheme in this area.
Recommendations
The analysis of the PMFME-ODOP scheme in Sasaram reveals challenges hindering its successful implementation. Service providers face issues such as low awareness, a surge in non-eligible applicants, and a lack of volunteers for ODOP enterprises. Beneficiaries report inadequate training, bias towards ODOP enterprises, tough eligibility criteria, and a focus on financial assistance. To enhance the formalisation and scaling up of rice-based products, recommendations are proposed:
- Identify Social Volunteers: Form a team of dedicated social workers to raise awareness, identify beneficiaries, and facilitate outreach. Incentivise volunteers with priorities in loan sanctioning.
- Relax Eligibility Criteria: Request adjustments like reducing the minimum turnover requirement and differentiating criteria based on the enterprise’s age to include more beneficiaries. Relax criteria for marketing and branding support based on enterprise maturity.
- One District One Brand (ODOB): Implement a unified branding approach where ODOP products are sold under a common brand, ensuring equitable profit distribution among entrepreneurs.
- Relax Repayment Schedule: Suggest extending the moratorium period to at least 12 months to alleviate repayment pressure on enterprises, enabling better performance.
- Establish an M&E Team for Training: Create a dedicated district-level team to monitor training quality and frequency, ensuring beneficiaries receive effective training and exposure visits.
- Promote Equality: Address concerns of bias towards ODOP enterprises by ensuring equal service delivery to all beneficiaries, regardless of their ODOP status, to maximise scheme impact and positive outcomes.
Conclusion
The study on PMFME-ODOP in Sasaram, Bihar, reflects limited adoption of the scheme despite awareness, particularly in ODOP activities related to rice-based products. Financial support is prevalent, but marketing assistance and training are lacking. Challenges include tough eligibility criteria, repayment schedules, and insufficient training quality. Enhancements are recommended, such as relaxing eligibility criteria, implementing ‘One District One Brand’ for unified branding, and extending moratorium periods. Establishing monitoring teams for training quality is advised. Addressing these challenges can enhance the scheme’s impact on microenterprises, promoting growth in the local economy. In conclusion, while promising, the PMFME-ODOP scheme requires targeted improvements to effectively bolster the formalisation and scaling up of rice-based microenterprises in Sasaram.
(The author is grateful to Dr P. P. Sahu, Associate Professor, NIRDPR, for the initial discussion and suggestions on an earlier draft of the article.)
National Workshop on Climate Resilience Rural Infrastructure under MGNREGA: Issues & Challenges
The Centre for Wage Employment and Livelihoods, NIRDPR, conducted a National Workshop on Climate Resilience Rural Infrastructure under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA: Issues & Challenges at the Institute from 31st July – 1st August 2024.
The workshop aimed to (i) identify and promote specific climate-resilient infrastructure projects under MGNREGS that can ensure long-term sustainability, (ii) analyse the factors hindering the implementation of such projects and develop solutions to overcome them, and (iii) discuss and refine planning and implementation approaches to ensure that climate-resilient infrastructure becomes the norm under MGNREGS. The workshop sought to leverage MGNREGS as a critical instrument for enhancing climate resilience in rural areas while addressing the challenges and limitations associated with its implementation.
The workshop was attended by the participants and expert delegates from different organisations and State Governments across the country, who have vast knowledge and live field experiences. As many as 12 officials representing organisations like NIDM participated in the programme. The resource persons included Mr Murali, Mr Sowmitri, Mr Saurav Choudhury, Mr Md. Khan, Dr Subrat Kumar Mishra, Dr V. Suresh Babu, Dr Anushiya J., Dr Rengilakshmi, Mr Amir Ali Khan, Dr Jagadeesh Menon and Mr Amar Saxena.
Dr C. Dheeraja, Associate Prof. & Head of the CWEL, welcomed the delegates, stressing the importance of the workshop’s theme and mentioning the disasters that are going on in Kerala and other pockets of the country. She emphasised that Mahatma Gandhi NREGA should focus on climate change and mitigation.
Dr Anuradha Palla, Assistant Professor, CWEL & Course Coordinator, provided an overview of the workshop and highlighted the significance of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in creating climate-resilient infrastructure. She noted that out of 266 permissible works under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS, 58 are related to natural resource management, 58 are pertaining to rural infrastructure, and 150 are associated with agriculture and allied activities, whereas 85 works are water-related, emphasising their critical role in enhancing climate resilience. Dr Anuradha presented statistics on the scale of MGNREGS implementation, stating that 858.18 lakh works have been completed across all permissible categories between 2006 and 2024. Specifically, under Category D (Rural Infrastructure), 208.51 lakh works were completed during the same period. However, she underscored that despite the large number of assets created, concerns regarding sustainability and durability persist.
Individual presentations were given by state government officials, highlighting the key themes and findings that emphasise the potential of Mahatma Gandhi NREGS in building climate-resilient infrastructure. By implementing projects related to natural resource management, rural infrastructure, and agriculture, Mahatma Gandhi NREGS can contribute significantly to enhancing the adaptive capacity of rural communities. The presentations focused on challenges and opportunities, climate-smart infrastructure, community-centric approach, and integration with other schemes.
Group activities were conducted to keep the forum open to discuss key points regarding the recommendations to achieve the workshop’s target. Based on the discussions and findings of the workshop, recommendations were put forward on policy integration, capacity building, financial sustainability, community engagement, data-driven decision making, roadmap for rural transformation, sustainable agriculture, clean energy, resilient infrastructure, health and well-being, waste management, and economic empowerment. The workshop provided a valuable platform for discussing the challenges and opportunities for building climate-resilient infrastructure in rural India.
Prof. Ravindra Gavali, Head, School of Rural Livelihoods & Infrastructure, NIRDPR, joined the closing ceremony of the workshop. During his interaction with the participants, he reminded them of examples of missing the quality of works. He informed all state officials to maintain the quality of work while constructing buildings and rural infrastructure development under MGNREGS works & housing schemes at the gram panchayat level for sustainable livelihoods. He also urged them to develop innovative technologies that can impact climate resilience and construction of green buildings to make them sustainable by using eco-friendly materials, such as green architecture.
Dr Ravindra Gavali thanked all the participants and appreciated the efforts of the workshop team, comprising Dr G. V. K. Lohidas, Dr Anuradha Palla, and Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, for making the workshop successful. The workshop ended with the distribution of group photos to all participants.
Plantation Activity in NIRDPR under the Plant4 Mother (एक पेड़ माँ के नाम) Campaign
As part of the “Plant4Mother” (एक पेड़ माँ के नाम) campaign launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on the occasion of World Environment Day, the second phase of plantation activity was taken up at the National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad, on 13th September 2024. The first phase was completed on 05th August 2024 with a plantation of nearly 400 saplings.
Under the leadership of Dr G. Narendra Kumar, IAS, Director General, the faculty, officers, staff, and students of PG Diploma courses actively participated in the activity and planted nearly 100 saplings of different categories, including forest, flower and avenue tree species. In the ensuing future occasion, 100 more saplings are proposed to be planted.
PHOTO GALLERY
ToT Programme on Strategy for Area-based Treatment of the Springshed at Micro level under WDC-PMKSY 2.0
In the dynamic realm of water resource management, a strategic initiative that is especially pertinent to Himalayan and hilly regions unfolds. With their unique topography and complex hydrogeological systems, these areas face distinctive water conservation and management challenges. Springs, often vital water sources in such terrains, are critical for sustaining ecosystems and local communities. However, their management requires a nuanced understanding of the intricate interactions between geological formations, hydrological processes, and environmental factors.
This training programme focuses on optimising the management of spring sheds by thoroughly assessing the hydrogeological controls at the micro level. This localised approach signifies a paradigm shift from traditional methods, emphasising a detailed, area-based strategy for addressing water scarcity challenges at their very source. In Himalayan and hilly regions, where spring dynamics are influenced by factors such as steep slopes, variable soil types, and diverse vegetation, understanding these micro-level hydrogeological intricacies is crucial.
Against this backdrop, a four-day Training of Trainers (ToT) programme on ‘Strategy for Area-Based Treatment of the Springshed by Assessing the Hydrogeological Controls of the Spring at Micro Level’ was organised by the Centre for Natural Resource Management, Climate Change, and Disaster Mitigation from August 27-30, 2024. The program was attended by 32 participants, including state officials from various departments such as Water Resources, Springshed projects, SIRDPR and other line departments like Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, and Soil Conservation, representing ten states across India.
The objectives of the training programme were (i) equipping officials with a thorough understanding of the micro-level dynamics of springs, ensuring they possess the technical expertise needed to assess hydrogeological controls effectively, (ii) empowering them to make informed interventions based on their understanding of hydrogeological intricacies, promoting strategic decisions that contribute to sustainable water access and responsible resource utilisation, (iii) reinforce their roles as stewards of water ecosystems by providing them with the knowledge and skills necessary for responsible and environmentally-conscious water resource management, and (iv) encouraging collaboration among officials, fostering a shared approach to addressing water scarcity challenges.
Dr Ravindra S. Gavali, Professor & Head, CNRM, CC & DM, NIRDPR, Hyderabad, inaugurated the training programme with a compelling address on the crucial role of springs in the Himalayas and hilly regions. He stressed that these water sources are vital for sustaining local ecosystems and communities. Dr Gavali highlighted the necessity of conducting comprehensive spring inventories and implementing effective springshed management strategies. He noted that conserving these springs through innovative technologies and capacity building is essential for enhancing water security and supporting sustainable production systems. His session laid the groundwork for participants to explore actionable strategies under the WDC PMKSY 2.0 initiative.
Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor and Course Director, spoke about the course background and operational guidelines of PMKSY-WDC 2.0. He provided a detailed overview of the programme’s objectives and explained the framework for implementing the scheme, including the essential operational procedures and best practices.
Mr Mukesh Patil, Senior Technical Resource Persons, ACWADAM, Pune, took a session on ‘The Concept of Springshed and Six-Step Protocol for Spring Revival in the Himalayas,’ offering an in-depth exploration of springshed management. He introduced the fundamentals of springsheds and the distinctions between springshed and watershed concepts. The session covered the ridge-to-valley and valley-to-valley approaches and classified springs based on geology, flow magnitude, variation, permanence, water quality, mineralisation, and temperature. Mr. Mukesh detailed various spring types supported by illustrative pictures. He also outlined a six-step protocol for effective springshed management: mapping springs, establishing a data monitoring system, understanding current social and governance frameworks, hydrological mapping, developing layout plans, identifying recharge areas, and creating management protocols.
Dr Prathamesh led a session on spring inventory and its processes. He outlined the objectives and key parameters for conducting a spring inventory, including basic and advanced information, and identified critical springs essential for sustainable management. Dr Prathamesh emphasised the importance of a robust data monitoring system, detailing its components and the need for accurate data collection, storage, and transfer. He introduced the use of automatic weather stations and highlighted the advantages of the mobile-based app ‘mWater’ for efficient data collection.
Mr Prathyumesh from ACWADAM, Pune, delivered a session on ‘Importance of Community Mobilization and Tools for Conducting Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA).’ He underscored the importance of engaging local communities in water management projects to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability. Mr Prathyumesh introduced various PRA tools and techniques, illustrating how they facilitate active community participation and decision-making. His insights highlighted how PRA can empower communities and enhance the success of water resource initiatives.
Mr Mukesh’s session on ‘Basics of Field Hydrological Mapping of Springsheds’ covered fundamental concepts, including the distinction between horizontal and inclined rock units, and explained how strikes and dips affect aquifer mapping. His emphasis on field-based geological mapping and the importance of a transect walk highlighted practical approaches to data collection. Mr. Mukesh detailed the process of entering field observations into mapping systems to create accurate hydrological maps. The session stressed the significance of understanding local hydrogeology for effective springshed management, particularly in delineating recharge areas. He demonstrated how to develop a conceptual hydrogeological layout of a springshed and the utility of field sketches to grasp local hydrogeological settings.
Mr Rajesh Kumar, Director, CDMR at People’s Science Institute (PSI), Dehradun, delivered an insightful session on ‘Recharge, Protection & Restoration of Springs.’ The lecture covered essential principles of soil and water conservation, including conversion factors and slope estimation techniques. Mr Kumar elaborated on the dimensions and design of staggered contour trenches (SCT) at various slopes, underlining their role in effective water management. He also discussed spring shed development measures, numerous benefits of strip farming and the use of hedgerows for soil protection. Additionally, the session highlighted drainage line treatment measures, spillway design, and different types of check dams.
Mr. Rajesh Kumar’s session on ‘Case Studies on Springshed Management—A PSI’s Experiences’ provided a detailed examination of effective springshed management practices. He shared insights on implementing staggered contour trenches (SCT) in Sikkim, highlighting their role in enhancing water recharge and soil conservation. The session also covered the construction of Toe trenches, small ponds, and fodder plantations on bunds, which are crucial for sustainable land use. Mr Kumar discussed the Sikkim Dhara Vikas Program and its positive impacts, as well as the Springshed Management with Participatory Groundwater Management (PGWM) Approach. He emphasised the importance of community mobilisation, recharge area treatment, and water quality monitoring, including pH and faecal coliform levels.
Dr C. P. Reddy, Senior Additional Commissioner, DoLR, MoRD, engaged with participants in an insightful session, delving into various aspects of springshed management. He posed challenging questions on different themes related to springshed management, encouraging critical thinking. Dr Reddy underscored the necessity of rigorous data monitoring and hydrogeological assessment before initiating any springshed project to ensure effective outcomes. He also highlighted the importance of mobilising funds and optimising various schemes to maximise financial resources for springshed management. Additionally, Dr Reddy addressed the social and gender governance aspects crucial for successful springshed initiatives.
On the third day of the training programme, participants visited Natural Springs located in forest areas of Damagundam Village in Pudur Mandal and Anantagiri Hills in the Vikarabad district of Telangana for a field demonstration on springsheds. Mr. Mukesh Patil and Mr. Prathamesh, resource persons from ACWADAM, Pune, led the field demonstration, providing hands-on experience with actual spring sites. They demonstrated using water quality testing equipment to assess crucial water parameters and explained how to identify different types of springs based on the geohydrological conditions of the area.
The next day, Mr Mukesh Patil, Senior Consultant, ACWADAM, Pune, took a session on ‘Monitoring, Evaluation, and Impact Assessment of Springshed Management,’ presenting a comprehensive overview of how to assess springshed projects. He examined various impacts, including hydrological changes, water quality improvements, ecological effects, and social and livelihood benefits. The presentation detailed methodologies for measuring these impacts, offering practical tools and techniques for effective evaluation.
Mr Mukesh’s session on ‘Case Studies on Springshed Management in Western Ghats’ highlighted the uses of spring water for irrigation, drinking, and animal husbandry. He discussed the Participatory Groundwater Management (PGWM) approach, spring inventory, and the identification of potential spring locations.
Participants further presented their work on springshed management carried out by SLNAs in their respective states. The presentations highlighted various strategies and achievements, showcasing regional approaches and innovations in managing and conserving springs for sustainable water resources. The state-wise presentations have given more scope to understand various aspects of spring’s management through the state-wise presentations of northeastern states. They presented step-wise management activities of springshed in their states by following the Department of Land Resources guidelines.
Dr Ravindra S. Gavali, Professor & Head and Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor, CNRMCC&DM, led the valedictory session for the training programme. Dr Gavali highlighted the programme’s key outcomes and encouraged participants to use their newly acquired skills for effective springshed management. The session concluded with the distribution of certificates. As ascertained from the feedback of participants taken via the Training Management Portal, the overall effectiveness of the training programme is 91%, and it was interactive, participatory, and beneficial.
Training Programme on Promotion of NRM Works through Convergence under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS for Sustainable Livelihoods
The Centre for Wage Employment & Livelihoods (CWEL), NIRDPR, organised a training programme on ‘Promotion of National Resource Management Works through Convergence under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS for Sustainable Livelihoods’ from 26th – 30th August 2024. Assistant Professors Dr G. V. Krishna Lohidas and Dr. Anuradha Palla coordinated the programme.
The programme was designed to enhance the skills and knowledge of State and Department level officials involved in implementing Mahatma Gandhi NREGS and National Resource Management. It brought together 30 participants from diverse backgrounds and organisations.
Dr C. Dheeraja, Associate Professor & Head, CWEL, welcomed the participants and urged them to put forth the challenges faced by the officials at the grassroots levels during the implementation of Mahatma Gandhi NREGS and NRM works, their field perspectives, etc.
In the post-inaugural session, Dr Anuradha Palla spoke about ‘Mahatma Gandhi NREGS: An Overview,’ highlighting the Act changes and updates made in the Schemes and implementing guidelines. It was followed by a session on ‘Permissible Works under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS’ by Dr G .V. Krishna Lohidas. He discussed the key aspects and steps that must be followed carefully to achieve progress.
The session on ‘Livelihoods Promotion through Category – A Assets under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS’ by Dr Raj Kumar Pammi, Assistant Professor, CWEL, helped the participants gain an in-depth understanding of the consequences and challenges that can be resolved at the grassroots levels. He presented the ground realities identified during the research studies organised by NIRDPR. The day ended with a session by Dr Lakhan Singh, Assistant Professor, CHRD, on ‘Gender Sensitisation under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS,’ highlighting the importance of gender sensitisation while implementing NRM works.
On the second day, Dr Anuradha Palla delivered a session on the ‘Concept of Convergence’ focusing on the importance of convergence and the planning to make the works of line departments collaborative and effective. Dr M. V. Ravibabu, Associate Professor & Head, CICT, delivered a practical session on ‘Yuktadhara GIS Planning in Mahatma Gandhi NREGS.’ He helped the participants learn the tool that could assist them in performing their daily work with efficiency, accuracy, accountability, and transparency.
On the third day, the participants visited Govindapur village at Mominpet Mandal in Vikarabad district, Telangana, to witness the ‘Ridge to Valley’ concept of water storage implemented as a part of National Resource Management works. The participants interacted with the state and district officials involved in this project to learn the aspects of the implementation, planning, and execution process of work. The participants were divided into teams, and they interacted with local communities.
The fourth day of the programme started with a session on ‘Behaviour Change and Communication Skills’ by Dr Sridhar Raj, who explained the concept of the communication chain to understand the aspects of behaviour change in day-to-day life. Mr. Mohammad Khan, Senior Consultant, RTP, NIRDPR, delivered a session on ‘Sustainable Rural Technologies for Enhancing Livelihoods,’ showcasing case studies and real-time achievements of the projects undertaken by NIRDPR to enhance livelihoods.
In his session on ‘Labour Budget Preparation Issues and Concerns,’ Dr Digambar A. Chimankar, Associate Professor, CWEL, deliberated on ways to mitigate challenges and issues with the help of case studies and upcoming strategies. Dr Sonal Mobar Roy, Assistant Professor, CWEL, delivered a session on ‘Community Mobilization & Social Inclusion,’ highlighting the importance and roles of community involvement at the grassroots level to create high impacts and success effectively.
On the final day, participants presented field observations listing their views and suggestions on policymaking and decision-making for the smooth functioning of different departments and their involvement in convergence works. At the valedictory session, the Course Coordinators distributed course certificates to the participants.
The National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR), an autonomous organisation under the Union Ministry of Rural Development, is a premier national centre of excellence in rural development and Panchayati Raj. Recognised internationally as one of the UN-ESCAP Centres of Excellence, it builds capacities of rural development functionaries, elected representatives of PRIs, bankers, NGOs and other stakeholders through inter-related activities of training, research and consultancy. The Institute is located in the historic city of Hyderabad in Telangana state. The NIRDPR celebrated its Golden Jubilee Year of establishment in 2008. In addition to the main campus in Hyderabad, this Institute has a North-Eastern Regional Centre at Guwahati, Assam, a branch at New Delhi and a Career Guidance Centre at Vaishali, Bihar.
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